Modal Verbs - CAN – COULD - MAY – MIGHT - MUST (I must arrive in time - trebuie sa ajung la timp)
Aa
MODAL VERBS
1. CAN – COULD = a putea (a fi instare –abilitatea de a face ceva)
[ken] –[ku:d]
I can swim. Can you swim?
He can speak English.
He cannot speak English./He can’t speak English.
2. MAY – MIGHT= a putea (a avea permisiunea)
May I open the window?/Pot sa deschid fereastra?
May I leave now?/Pot pleca acum?
to leave –left-left = a pleca, a lasa, a parasi, a lasa
[mei] – [mait]
3. MUST= trebuie (obligatie) [MAST]
I must arrive in time./trebuie sa ajung la timp.
Must you arrive in time?
You must not smoke here./You mustn’t smoke here.
4. SHOULD= ar trebui (sfat, recomandare)[șud]
You should talk to him./Tu ar trebui sa stai de vorba cu el.
Should you talk to him?
You should not talk to him./You shouldn’t talk to him.
to talk = a sta de vorba
I like to talk to you./Imi face placere sa stau de vorba cu tine.
Verbele modale sunt o categorieaparte in lb. engleza si au cateva caracteristici:
1. nu primesc “s” la pers. a-III-a sing. I can swim./He can swim. (deci au o singura forma pt. tóate pers.)
2. sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt al verbelor (fara “to”)
She can speak English fluently.Ea poate vorbi engleza fluent.
to speak=infinitive lung
speak=infinitive scurt
3. formeaza interogativul si neg. Fara ajutorul auxiliarelor
Can you swim?
I cannot swim.
4. nu au forme pt. toate timpurile si de aceea au inlocuitori (o sa discutam putin mai incolo acest punct)
1. CAN – COULD= a putea (a fi instare –abilitatea de a face ceva)
Can=forma pt. timpul present; could=forma pt. timpul trecut
Affirmative
Table 1
Present Tense | Past Tense |
I can swim now. | I could swim last year. |
You can speak French now. | You could speak French last year. |
He can write books now. | He could write books last year. |
She can sing very well now | She could sing very well when she was a child. |
We can dance now. | We could dance last year. |
You can speak German now. | You could speak German when you were young. |
They can cook very well now. | They could cook very well last year. |
Negative – long forms (forme lungi)
Present Tense | Past Tense |
I cannot swim now. | I could not swim last year. |
You cannot speak French now. | You could not speak French last year. |
He cannot write books now. | He could not write books last year. |
She cannot sing very well now | She could not sing very well when she was a child. |
We cannot dance now. | We could not dance last year. |
You cannot speak German now. | You could not speak German when you were young. |
They cannot cook very well now. | They could not cook very well last year. |
Negative –short forms (forms curte/contrase)
Present Tense | Past Tense |
I can’t swim now. | I couldn’t swim last year. |
You can’t speak French now. | You couldn’t speak French last year. |
He can’t write books now. | He couldn’t write books last year. |
She can’t sing very well now | She couldn’t sing very well when she was a child. |
We can’t dance now. | We couldn’t dance last year. |
You can’t speak German now. | You couldn’t speak German when you were young. |
They can’t cook very well now. | They couldn’t cook very well last year. |
Pronuntie: cannot [ken not]; could not [kud not]
can’t[kant]; couldn’t [kudnt]
Interrogative
Present Tense | Past Tense |
CanI swim now? | CouldI swim last year? |
Canyou speak French now? | Couldyou speak French last year? |
Canhe write books now? | Couldhe write books last year? |
Canshe sing very well now? | Couldshe sing very well when she was a child? |
Can we dance now? | Couldyou we dance last year? |
Canyou speak German now? | Couldyou speak German when you were young. |
Canthey cook very well now? | Couldthey cook very well last year. |
*CAN/COULD se mai folosesc pt. a exprima permisiunea in mod mai putin formal.
May I open the window? Pot sa deschid fereastra? (f. formal)
Can I open the window?Mai putin formal, mult mai folosit in vorbire
Expresii:
Can I havea cup of coffee, please?/imi dati o ceasca de cafea, va rog?
Can I havea ham sandwich, please?/imi dati un sendvis cu sunca, va rog?
Can I have….? modul in care ceri ceva
Would you like…….?modul in care oferi ceva
Would you like a cup of coffee? Ati dori o ceasca de cafea?
Would you like a ham sandwich? Ati dori un sandvis cu sunca?
2.MAY – MIGHT= a putea (a avea permisiunea)
May I open the window? Pot sa deschid fereastra?
May I leave now? Pot pleca acum?
to leave –left-left=a pleca, a lasa, a parasi, a lasa
[mei] – [mait]
May= forma pentru prezent
You may be right=Se poate sa ai dreptate
Might = forma numai pt. conditional (nu si pentru trecut)
You might be right = s-ar putea sa ai dreptate
I may leave now. Eu pot pleca acum (am permisiunea de a pleca)
Affirmative
I may leave now. | Eu pot pleca acum |
You may open the window. | Tu poti deschide fereastra. |
He may close the door. | El poate inchide usa. |
She may leave earlier today. | Ea poate pleca mai devreme azi. |
We may open the shop earlier. | Noi putem deschide magazinul mai devreme. |
You may turn on the computer. | Tu poti aprinde calcuatorul. |
They may turn off the TV. | Ei pot stinge televizorul |
Negative
I maynot leave now. | Eu nu pot pleca acum |
You maynot open the window. | Tu nu poti deschide fereastra. |
He may not close the door. | El nu poate inchide usa. |
She maynot leave earlier today. | Ea nu poate pleca mai devreme azi. |
We maynot open the shop earlier. | Noi nu putem deschide magazinul mai devreme. |
You maynot turn on the computer. | Tu nu poti aprinde calcuatorul. |
They maynot turn off the TV. | Ei nu pot stinge televizorul |
Interrogative
MayI leave now? | |
Mayyou open the window? | |
Mayhe close the door? | |
Mayshe leave earlier today? | |
maywe open the shop earlier? | |
Mayyou turn on the computer? | |
maythey turn off the TV? |
Observatii: may=can(aici)
1) May I open the window? formal (mult mai politicos si protocolar)
Can I open the window? informal (folosit in vorbirea obisnuita)
2) May diferit de can
I can leave now = eu pot pleca (sunt capabil)
I may leave now = eu pot pleca (am permisiunea)
3) could = forma de trecut+conditional
might = numai forma de conditional
3. MUST = TO HAVE TO (trebuie – exprima obligatia)
1. Afirmative
A. I must work hard to pass this exam./Trebuie sa muncesc mult pentru a lua acest examen. (obligatie interna; asa consider eu ca trebuie sa fac)
B. I have to wear a uniformat school/Trebuie sa port uniforma la scoala (obligatie externa; imi este impus)
2. Interrogative
A. Must I work hard to pass this exam ?
B. Do you have to wear a uniform at school?
3. Negative(la negative isi schimba sensul)
Must – exprima interdictie
1. You must not park your car here/You mustn’t [masnt] park your car here.
(Nu trebuie/nu ai voie/e interzis sa parchezi aici)
You must not smoke here./You mustn’t smoke here.
(Nu trebuie/nu ai voie/e interzis sa parchezi aici).
Do not have – exprima lipsa obligatiei
You do not have to come with me. I can manage on my own./You don’t have to come with me, I can manage on my own.
on my own=singur, pe cont propriu
to manage= a conduce, a reusi, a se descurca
(Nu este nevoie, nu este necesar sa vii cu mine, ma pot descurca singur))
*to have to – formeaza interogativul si negativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului do/does, fiind de fapt un inlocuitor al verbului modal “must”
Affirmative- present tense
Internal obligation | External obligation |
I must leave now. | I have to wear a uniform at school. |
You must talk to him. | You have to send emails in your job. |
He must wash his car. | He has to work indoors. |
She must be at home early. | She has to work outdoors. |
We must be at the airport in time. | We have to pay for this course. |
You must be at the office early. | You have to leave on Monday. |
They must phone their parents. | They have to open the shop early. |
indoors=inside (inauntru)
outdoors=outside (in afara)
Interrogative – present tense
Internal obligation | External obligation |
MustI leavenow? | DoI have to wear a uniform at school? |
Must you talk to him? | Do you have to send emails in your job? |
Must he wash his car? | Doeshe have to work indoors? |
Must she be at home early? | Doesshe have to work outdoors? |
Must we be at the airport in time? | Dowe have to pay for this course? |
Must you be at the office early? | Doyou have to leave on Monday? |
Must they phone their parents? | Dothey have to open the shop early? |
Negative – Present Tense
I must not park my car here. I mustn’t park my car here. | I do not have to pay for this course. I don’t have to pay for this course. |
You must not smoke here. You mustn’t smoke here. | You do not have to come with me. You don’t have to come with me. |
He must not enter this room. He mustn’t enter this room. | He does not have to leave now. He doesn’t have to leave now. |
She must not enter the office. She mustn’t enter the office. | She does not have to leave the office. She doesn’t have to leave the office. |
We must not leave the building. We mustn’t leave the building | We do not have to leave the building. We don’t have to leave the building |
You must not go there. You mustn’t go there. | You do not have to go there. You don’t have to go there. |
They mustn’t use the phone. They must not use the phone. | They do not have to use the phone. They don’t have to use the phone. |
to use =a folosi
building[bilding] = cladire
to build[bild]-built[bilt]-built[bilt]= a construi
Affirmative – Past Tense
I had to leave then. | I had to wear a uniform at school. |
You had to talk to him last night. | You had to send emails in your job. |
He had to wash his car yesterday. | He had to work indoors. |
She had to be at home early yesterday. | She had to work outdoors. |
We had to be at the airport in time last week. | We had to pay for this course. |
You had to be at the office early yesterday. | You had to leave on Monday. |
They had to phone their parents. | They had to open the shop early. |
Interrogative –Past Tense
DidI have to leave then? | DidI have to wear a uniform at school? |
Didyou have to talk to him last night? | Didyou have to send emails in your job? |
Didhe have to wash his car yesterday? | Didhe have to work indoors? |
Didshe have to be at home early yesterday? | Didshe have to work outdoors? |
Didwe have to be at the airport in time last week? | Didwe have to pay for this course? |
Didyou have to be at the office early yesterday? | Didyou have to leave on Monday? |
Didthey haveto phone their parents? | Didthey have to open the shop early? |
Observatii:to have/have got/to have to
1.to have =have got (a avea)
a)She has a big house.
She has got a big house.
b) I have a lot of books.
I have got a lot of books.
c) You have a nice room.
You have got a nice room.
d) He has a CD player.
He has got a CD player.
e) We have a computer.
We have got a computer.
f) They have a big garden
They have got a big garden.
2.to have to + verb (trebuie sa)
I have towork hard.
You have toleave now.
He has tophone his boss.
She has towear a uniform.
We have tolearn English.
You have totalk to them.
They have towrite a lot of emails.
4.Should = ar trebui (sfat, recomandare)- [șud]
Affirmative
I should take a rest today. | Ar trebui sa ma odihnesc azi. |
You should visit your parents more often. | Ar trebui sa-i vizitezi pe parintii tai mai des. |
He should leave right now. | El ar trebui sa plece chiar acum. |
She should be more polite. | Ea ar trebui sa fie mai politicoasa. |
We should meet our friends more often. | Ar trebui sa ne intalnim cu prietenii nostri mai des. |
You should talk to your sister. | Tu ar trebui sa vorbesti cu sora ta. |
They should spend their holiday abroad. | Ei ar trebui sa-si petreaca vacanta in strainatate. |
to take a rest/to have a rest= a se odihni
right now=chiar acum
polite[pălait]=politicos
abroad[ă’bro:d]=in strainatate
Interrogative
Should I take a rest today? | Ar trebui sa ma odihnesc azi? |
Should youvisit your parents more often? | Ar trebui sa-i vizitezi pe parintii tai mai des? |
Should heleave right now? | El ar trebui sa plece chiar acum? |
Should shebe more polite? | Ea ar trebui sa fie mai politicoasa? |
Should wemeet our friends more often? | Ar trebui sa ne intalnim cu prietenii nostri mai des? |
Shouldyou talk to your sister? | Tu ar trebui sa vorbesti cu sora ta? |
Shouldthey pend their holiday abroad? | Ei ar trebui sa-si petreaca vacanta in strainatate? |
I should not take a rest today. | I shouldn’t take a rest today. |
You should not visit your parents more often. | You shouldn’t visit your parents more often. |
He should not leave right now. | He shouldn’t leave right now. |
She should not be more polite. | She shouldn’t be more polite. |
We should not meet our friends more often. | We shouldn’t meet our friends more often. |
You should not talk to your sister. | You shouldn’t not talk to your sister. |
They should not spend their holiday abroad. | They shouldn’t not spend their holiday abroad. |
COUNTRY | LANGUAGE/NATIONALITY | PEOPLE | |
England | English | an Englishman | |
Scotland | Scottish/Scotch/Scots | a Scotsman | |
Wales | Welsh | a Welshman | |
Ireland | Irish | an Irishman | |
Austria | Austrian | an Austrian | |
Belgium | Belgian/French-Flemish | a Belgian | |
Bulgaria | Bulgarian | a Bulgarian | |
Cyprus | Cypriot/Greek/Turkish | a Cypriot/Greek/Turkish | |
The Czech Republic | Czech | a Czech | |
Denmark | Danish | a Dane | |
Estonia | Estonian | an Estonian | |
Finland | Finnish | a Finn | |
France | French | a Frenchman | |
Germany | German | a German | |
Greece | Greek | a Greek | |
Hungary | Hungarian | a Hungarian | |
Italy | Italian | an Italian | |
Latvia | Latvian | A Latvian | |
Lithuania | Lithuanian | A Lithuanian | |
Luxembourg | French | A Luxembourger | |
Malta | Maltese/English | A Maltese | |
Holland (the Netherlands) | Dutch | A Dutchman | |
Poland | Polish | A Pole | |
Portugal | Portuguese | A Portuguese | |
Romania | Romanian | A Romanian | |
Slovakia | Slovak | A Slovak | |
Slovenia | Slovenian | A Slovenian | |
Spain | Spanish | A Spaniard | |
Sweden | Swedish | A Swede | |
Norway | Norwegian | A Norwegian | |
Switzerland | Swiss/French/German/Romansh | A Swiss | |
The UK – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The USA – The United States of America
The Netherlands